News
Child Gun Deaths Climb Dramatically in Most States
The study emphasizes the importance of applying evidence-based intervention measures as the number of children and adolescents killed by firearms rises across the United States.
United States – Shocking school shooting again – New study: almost all states have seen an increase in child death due to injury and guns since 2018.
Alarming Rise
Homicide rates themselves have increased, as has the overall mortality related to injuries, with firearms being the most common cause of these injuries in many states, according to a team led by Eugenio Weigend Vargas. He is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention.
Research by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, published earlier this year, reveals that “child and adolescent [aged 1-19 years] mortality increased 18.8% from 2018 to 2022, more than twice the increase in 2013 to 2017.”
Much of that rise was “driven by a 22.8% increase in injury-related deaths, particularly firearms and overdoses,” Vargas’ team noted.
On July 19, US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy sent an advisory to the country, painting firearm violence as a public health crisis and naming a rising trend among firearm deaths to kids.
In the new study, the team from Michigan went a step further to analyze the data collected by the CDC. They also discovered that ninety percent of the states recorded a rise in child and adolescent injury fatalities between 2018 and 2022.
Using data from the General Social Survey, the team determined that in 2022, gun-related injuries surpassed fatalities resulting from motor vehicles to become the main cause of death among Americans aged 1 to 19.
The Leading Cause of Death
Guns became the number one cause of death for children in 25 states by 2022.
Even though this rate increased, more than half of increase in the injury mortality was observed in the age group of 10-19 and it was examined that more predominantly among adolescents and youngsters.
Adolescents Most Affected
It turned out that boys are nearly twice as likely to die as girls- 35. 2 deaths when compared to 19. 3 deaths within 100,000 people. That was especially solid for method-related passings, with 85. Twenty-six percent of such victims are girls, while 6% of the victims are boys.
Of the six states that registered a decline in child deaths from any cause, three achieved a decline of more than 10%.
Geographic Variations in Child Mortality
The states that had the best results within the 2018-2022 period included Rhode Island, with a 20% decline in such deaths, according to the researchers. In Michigan, Delaware, South Dakota, Idaho, and New Hampshire, the rates either did not change or were lowered to a certain extent.
However, North Dakota and Wyoming have the highest rate of increase of deaths to kids, a figure that has increased by approximately 65 percent in four years. Child mortality also rose to some degrees in Vermont – 50 percent, North Carolina – 44 percent, and Hawaii – 40 percent.
A Call for Action
“This study shows that firearm-related deaths among children and adolescents continue to be a critical and geographically diverse issue in the United States,” Vargas said in a University of Michigan news release. “These injuries are preventable, and by identifying the high-priority areas, we can better tailor evidence-based strategies, solutions, and policies to save lives.”
News
Malaria Drug Struggles to Protect Children Under 5
United States: Malaria transmitted through the use of mosquitoes is lethal; over 600,000 individuals pass on every year, most of them below age five.
Now, there are reports suggesting that it is developing resistance to artemisinin, which is the most common drug being used in attempts to extend these young lives, as reported by HealthDay.
Artemisinin Resistance Detected in Severe Malaria Cases
“This is the first study from Africa showing that children with malaria and clear signs of severe disease are experiencing at least partial resistance to artemisinin,” said study co-author Dr. Chandy John, who directs Indiana University’s Ryan White Center for Infectious Diseases and Global Health, in Indianapolis.
“It’s also the first study showing a high rate of African children with severe malaria experiencing a subsequent malaria episode with the same strain within 28 days of standard treatment with artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin, and an artemisinin combination therapy [ACT],” John added.
The researchers said in the meeting news release that the artemisinin therapies that began two decades ago have transformed malaria treatment.
History of Artemisinin as a Malaria Breakthrough
A microscopic parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, had become immune to normal drugs, while artemisinin provided a prompt solution to the disease.
Resistance Genes Linked to Southeast Asian Strains Found
However, by 2008, there were indications that P. falciparum was also developing resistance to the new drug. Partial resistance was evident in Cambodia, and by 2013, the complete ineffectiveness of the drug artemisinin on affected patients was noticed.
A partial resistance to artemisinin was detected in the new study in 11 of a sample of 100 Ugandan children who received treatment, according to John et al. Many of the time, it also took much longer to achieve the treatment duration required to ‘wash’ children off the parasite.
The children were between 6 Months and 12 years, and all were admitted with what was termed as ‘Complicated malaria’. This is malaria with features of possible severe manifestation such as anemia or meningitis.
Also, nine under-five children with malaria reportedly cured by chloroquine were re-infected within a month of treatment, and ten more children in a similar age bracket with a similar malaria diagnosis reportedly cured by artemisinin also relapsed, implying that, indeed, artemisinin was not efficient in eradicating the parasite out of the body.
All of the children did get well in the end. However, tests in the laboratory showed that 10 of the samples had P. falciparum that possessed resistance genes similar to those shown in resistant strains from Southeast Asia, the investigators added.
This is the first time that the researchers have observed the two in African children with severe malaria, the team said.
Combination Therapies Also Show Limited Effectiveness
Lumefantrine was also administered to many of the children as with a second-class antimalarial that is not artemisinin-based. However, 68% of the children who have received the two-drug combination therapy experienced a relapse of their disease, and this raises the possibility that the malaria parasite is also becoming resistant to lumefantrine, as reported by HealthDay.
“The fact that we started seeing evidence of drug resistance before we even started specifically looking for it is a troubling sign,” John noted. “We were further surprised that, after we turned our focus to resistance, we also ended up finding patients who had recurrence after we thought they had been cured.”
News
Next Step for mRNA: From Injections to Inhalers
United States: Most people do not like the idea of being injected with medicines for treatment or vaccination, so researchers are looking for ways of delivering medicines like those based on the mRNA of the coronavirus in the form of aerosols for inhalation. A new paper released today, 13th November, in the Journal of the American Chemical Society outlines significant advances toward developing inhalable mRNA drugs. Scientists report that their enhanced lipid-polymer nanoparticles can encapsulate mRNA in a recoverable conformation for nebulization and then discharge it in aerosol droplets to the lungs of mice, as reported by scitechdaily.com.
Challenges in mRNA Delivery
mRNA medicines are based on the fact that after the administration of a specific mRNA, the cells produce a protein that could potentially cure or prevent certain diseases, including respiratory-related diseases. However, these proteins are highly unstable and cannot directly enter cells, which is something they need. Using lipid nanoparticles – small fatty balls that act as ‘messenger bags,’ scientists ensure that mRNA safely reaches the lung cells.
However, the early formulations of these lipid nanoparticles were not suitable for inhaled application since the particles aggregated or grew in size when aerosolized. Prior attempts to address this problem have incorporated polymers such as polyethylene glycol into the lipids forming the particles. This approach was not as stable and reliable enough as required for nebulized delivery of the aerosol.
Innovative Solution With Zwitterionic Polymers
Now, Daniel Anderson, Allen Jiang, Sushil Lathwal, and other co-authors suggested that it might be possible to use another type of polymer, a zwitterionic polymer, with positive and negative repeating units to form the mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles that can be nebulized – to turn the liquid into a mist.
The researchers synthesized a variety of lipid nanoparticles out of four ingredients: A phospholipid, cholesterol, an ionizable lipid, and lipids of different lengths conjugated to zwitterionic polymers of different lengths. Preliminary experiments showed that, among all the formulated lipid nanoparticles, those with high mRNA encapsidation capability and encapsidation efficiency remained non-aggregate and stable in size before and after misting.
Metho: Effective mRNA Delivery in Animal Trials
Next, in animal studies, the authors found that the formulation of lower cholesterol lipid nanoparticle NPs with zwitterionic polymers was ideal for aerosolization. If used when transporting an mRNA encoding a luminescent protein, this nanoparticle yielded the greatest level of luminescence within the animals’ lungs and a consistent protein distribution in the tissues, which indicated that it was the most effective at delivering inhaled mRNA.
Promising Results in Animal Studies
When three airborne doses of the optimal nanoparticle were delivered to the mice over the course of two weeks, the luminescent expression of the protein was sustained, while no signs of pulmonary inflammation were detected. The delivery method also worked in mice with a mucus layer in the bronchi, which was intended to mimic people with cystic fibrosis, as reported by scitechdaily.com.
Collectively, the researchers claim that this series of outcomes confirms the feasibility of airborne mRNA delivery using zwitterionic polymers in lipid nanoparticles. In the next stage, they said they would like to try it in animals of a larger size.
News
Green Mediterranean Diet May Slow Brain Aging
United States: Neurodegeneration or the progressive loss of neurons and reduction in the volume of the human brain is known to be an age-related characteristic that can lead to such issues as dementia and other neurologic disorders. Thus, while aging itself is inevitable, new findings from the eighteen months diet trial suggest that with certain modifications to our lifestyles and diets, we can help slow the process of aging in our brain, as reported by scitechdaily.com.
A recent study carried out by the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in co-operation with the DIRECT PLUS Brain MRI trial has revealed information regarding how the patient’s blood glucose levels can influence the health of their brains.
Brain Age vs. Chronological Age
The results of MRI analysis of the brain, and specifically the estimate of the volume of the hippocampus and the surface area of the lateral ventricles, can indicate the biological age of a person’s brain, which often differs from the individual’s chronological age. Whereas ‘chronological age’ is akin to the number of years, ‘brain age’ refers to the reality of the brain.
Other changes include the progressive loss of volume and size in specific parts of the brain, which are also used as indicators of aging, and this includes the hippocampus being smaller and the lateral ventricles getting larger with age. It is possible to have a younger or an older brain relative to the calendar age of the person. A lower figure implies a younger brain and a healthier brain, while a higher number may mean that the brain is aging faster and, therefore, will experience a form of cognitive decline earlier.
The recent study was published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and the researchers involved were an interdisciplinary team of scientists, including members from Ben-Gurion University, Harvard University, Leipzig University, and others. The study was led by Dafna Pachter, a Ph.D. student at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, and supervised by Prof Iris Shai with the help of several international colleagues.
A study conducted two years back revealed that both the MED and the green-MED diets actually reduced age-related cerebral atrophy by about 50% in a period of 18 months.
In the present work, the authors intended to investigate how the process of deceleration of brain atrophy is achieved.
HbA1c, as an indicator of long-term blood glucose levels, was decreased together with substantial positive changes in the volume of distinct brain areas typically prone to age-related atrophy. Performing the voxel-wise analysis of the brain MRI outcomes, it was revealed that the deviations in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum had a tendency to be larger if patient’s HbA1c level was lower in the blood, which was important for patient’s cognition or thought process and motor and proprioceptive control. These findings indicate that better control of glycemia may be one of the key approaches useful in mitigating age-related changes in the brain.
A recent diet called ‘Green Mediterranean’ has potential.
Previous studies have found the green Mediterranean (Green-Med) diet helpful in enhancing better blood sugar management. High polyphenol food content of the Green-Med diet, originating from Mankai and green tea, and low red and processed meat consumption.
The present research builds upon this relationship by indicating that the Green-Med diet may not only be beneficial to metabolic health but also have an impact on the structural and functional integrity of the brain.
DIRECT PLUS Trial
DIRECT PLUS was one of the largest and longest MRIs of the brain that had been carried out before, including about 300 individuals who were divided into three groups that were concerned with dietary habits. CSR longitudinal assessment of whole-brain MRI measures was obtained at baseline and at the end of the 18-month trial.
The researchers employed Hippocampal Occupancy (HOC), which is an index of brain age – a risk factor for dementia in the future. HOC usually declines with the increased age of the patient. As expected, some participants had a cognition that was younger or older than their age.
In this study, the authors employed NeuroQuant, a fully automated technique approved by the FDA, to quantify and segment the MRI-derived brain data. This work was conceived to determine whether better glycemic control and certain foods may act as protective agents against brain aging. The obtained data suggested that the extent of brain aging is reduced to a greater degree in participants who were able to achieve normalization of their blood glucose levels. More specifically, those who drank larger portions of green tea and Mankai duckweed shakes exhibited the greatest enhancement both in their blood glucose levels, as well as in their cerebral function.
The Key to a Younger Brain Age?
The study’s lead researcher, Prof. Iris Shai, from Ben-Gurion University, an adjunct professor at Harvard University, and an Honorary Professor at Leipzig University, explains, “Maintaining low blood sugar levels, even within the normal range, shows promise for preserving a younger brain, especially when combined with a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Specifically, polyphenols found in plant-based foods may cross the blood-brain barrier and help reduce brain inflammation, which is crucial for memory.”
Dafna Pachter, a Ph.D. student and the first author of the paper, adds, “This trial offers a safe approach to potentially slow down our brain aging—by adopting the components of a green Mediterranean diet.”
A Route Map to Tackle Cognitive Impairment Associated with Aging
In this study, glycemic control and slower brain aging are directly connected to dietary changes with special emphasis on the Green-Med diet. More studies will be necessary to elucidate the processes underlying this effect, but these results point to a way of decreasing the risk of age-related cognitive decline through a few dietary changes, as reported by scitechdaily.com.
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